How VA Rates Eye Conditions: Visual Acuity, Field Loss, Cataracts, and Glaucoma Guide

Under 38 CFR 4.75 through 4.78, the VA evaluates eye disabilities through three distinct functional aspects: central visual acuity (sharpness of straight-ahead vision), visual field contraction (peripheral vision loss), and ocular motility (muscle function and diplopia or double vision). Each element is measured objectively by an optometrist or ophthalmologist and converted into percentage ratings using standardized diagnostic tables.

Visual acuity is tested using a standard Snellen eye chart at 20 feet and rated under Diagnostic Code 6066. Crucially, the VA rates vision based on best-corrected visual acuity using corrective lenses, not uncorrected vision. Ratings range from 10% for 20/40 vision in one eye with normal vision in the other, up to 100% for total anatomical loss or light perception only in both eyes.

Peripheral vision loss is evaluated under Diagnostic Code 6080 using a Goldmann perimeter or automated Humphrey visual field test. Normal visual field spans approximately 500 degrees across eight principal meridians. Ratings scale according to concentric contraction: concentric contraction of visual fields to 5 degrees or less in both eyes warrants a 100% disability rating.

Specific eye diseases have individual diagnostic codes. Cataracts are rated under DC 6027: inoperative cataracts are rated on visual impairment, while post-operative cases are rated on residual impairment with corrective lenses. Glaucoma (open-angle under DC 6011 or angle-closure under DC 6012) is evaluated on visual impairment or continuous pressure medication, with minimum 10% ratings for daily topical treatment.

Eye pathology frequently arises secondary to systemic vascular disease. Veterans with service-connected type 2 diabetes mellitus often develop diabetic retinopathy (DC 6006), macular edema, or early-onset cataracts. Similarly, chronic hypertension can produce hypertensive retinopathy. These secondary manifestations are rated separately from the primary condition without violating pyramiding rules. Under 38 CFR 3.310, Association between conditions does not by itself establish secondary service connection. The evidence must support causation or aggravation in the individual claim.